Essay on The Life of Frederic Douglass - 1087 Words

In 1845, when the start of America was in effect, Fredrick Douglass wrote an autobiography called, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass’s was an abolitionist and his impact upon the antislavery movement in America remains his crowning achievement. Although he wasnt a leader of some violent rebellion, his literature and renowned public speaking helped solidify his accomplishments towards the abolition of slavery. Fredrick Douglass was so prominent in the 19th century that he advised the current president at the time, Abraham Lincoln, to let former slaves fight for the North, during the Civil War. His suggestion to let former slaves fight was granted all because Douglass ´s astounding figure head in the battle†¦show more content†¦Auld when she has that type of power given to her. Douglass also mentions how Mrs. Auld transformation is the same way that Douglass describes how slaves are brutalized. I feel Douglass uses this term many tim es in his narrative to make a meaningful exclaimer to the readers. The more common meaning of brutalized is straightforward, to treat someone poorly and cruel. It also means to transform someone into a beast, like Mrs. Auld. Douglass also refers to Mrs. Auld changing character by stating, Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me. When I went there, she was a pious, warm, and tender-hearted woman. There was no sorrow or suffering for which she had not a tear. She had bread for the hungry, clothes for the naked, and comfort for every mourner that came within her reach. Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tiger-like fierceness. Where she used to have sympathy for any one that was in misery from being beaten and treated poorly, to being a slave master that hardened her heart into pure sin. Her new demeanor towards Douglass shows how peo ple can lack responsibility towards holding that type of total power. This goes to show that having this type of tyrant ruler-ship can change any human beings gentle disposition and change them to the worst. Douglass illustratesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Education: Causes Effects584 Words   |  3 Pagesfamilies, social backgrounds, and cultures. This often causes mixed emotions, awkward feelings, and other conflicts. Some of these conflicts are described in works such as quot;Ariaquot; by Richard Rodriguez, and quot;The Right to Writequot; by Frederic Douglass. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Ariaquot; comes from the biography of Richard Rodriguez, the son of two Mexican immigrants. He describes his struggle to grow up in a primarily white, English-speaking area. 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John Locke And John Chaffees Theory Of Philosophy

Philosophy is defined as the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. It has been studied by well-known philosophers such as Aristotle, John Locke, and David Hume. Aristotle is famous for his belief in the golden mean which is the Greek philosophy believing in the desirable middle between two extremes. John Locke developed his own theory of mind, which is often mentioned as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and self. Philosophers over the stretch of time have developed, and fine-tuned, their theories and conceptualized their own ideas on how and why all things in the universe work. From these different theories three examples of these ideas that stand out are determinism, compatibilism, and†¦show more content†¦In the environment, determinism is defined by their environment and are conditioned to be the people they are. With this explanation, it depends on the life experiences an individual encounter that affects their behaviors. With the psychological development explanation, people are governed by psychological forces, many of them unconscious, that cause them to think, feel, and act in certain ways. With this explanation, the actions that humans perform are the result of psychological impulses that have been formed by people’s earliest relationships and experiences. With the social dynamics explanation, people are social creatures and are influenced by the people around them. Compatibilism, as described by Chaffee, is the â€Å"view that all events, including human actions, are caused. However, we can consider human actions free if they are the result of internal motivations, not the product of external influences or constraints† (2016, p. 160). Compatibilism can be compared to hard determinists, and has often been called soft determinism, in that both agree that all events are caused by some force. The compatibilists agree with the determinists that all human behaviors are caused by a previous event. One difference between the two is that compatibilists argue that humans can still distinguish between actions that are, and are not, external constraints. As Chaffee put it in his words, â€Å"Actions that are externally compelled-for example, as the result of threats-are

The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Free Essays

string(72) " treatment of high blood pressure are thiazides \(Bullock et al 2007\)\." Abstract An academic edit of an essay concerned with the physiology and pharmacology of hypertension. The ‘flow’ and sense have been improved, references added where necessary, and the style amended to an appropriate academic one. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The following essay looks at the physiology and pharmacology of hypertension. First, the nature of the condition is examined, together with risk factors and current statistics on its occurrence. Next, the possible ways of treating the condition, particularly through drugs, is considered. 2. Hypertension: its Physiology and other Aspects The definition of hypertension has attracted controversy over the last 50 years or so, but is currently generally seen as blood pressure which is over 140 over 90mmHg (Gotto and Toth 2006). This can be translated as the heart beating pressure or systolic pressure being 140 mmHg and the relaxing pressure or Diastolic pressure at 90mmHg. Blood pressure can vary considerably from person to person (Brubaker et al 2002). There is a concern to reduce high blood pressure, as it has been associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and other serious conditions (Edlin and Golanty 2009).In terms of diagnosis, this is done over several readings at a given period, and these must be give regular high readings to confirm that there is a problem. These readings should be taken during and after normal activities, and also when relaxing (Bricker et al 1994). The cause of high blood pressure in most cases is unknown, but it is widely thought that the pressure in the arteries depends on how hard the heart pumps blood and how much resistance there is in the arteries. A slight narrowing of the arteries will increase the resistance of blood flow. Many factors will contribute to this occurrence (Sherwood 2012). Whatever the cause or causes might be, the condition is common: in the UK well over half the people aged 65 or over suffer from high blood pressure, and 25% of those in middle age (Woods and Clare 2008). High blood pressure is particularly common in the following groups: People with diabetes (type 1 and type two) People of Afro-Caribbean descent People from the Indian subcontinent Those with a family history of high blood pressure Heavy smokers Heavy drinkers People who consume a lot of salt The overweight People with a high caffeine and alcohol intake People who consumer Insufficient fruits and vegetables or do not take enough exercise (Patient.co.uk [online] 2012) High blood pressure is not always apparent to the sufferer. It might be years before the condition is discovered, and by then a considerable amount of damage may already have been done. Therefore, regular checks are important, to ensure that any excess strain on the arteries is detected and risk reduced (Rhoden and Schein 2010). At some point, most people develop atherosclerosis, so the aim is to slow it down and halt any acceleration.While a number of causes associated with high blood pressure cannot be altered, including: Family history Heart disease or strokes before 55 Being Male Early Menopause in females Ageing Ethnicity (Condon 2004) For people falling into these categories, there is extra reason to take extra precautions and deal with any lifestyle risk associated with high blood pressure. By doing so, the development of hypertension can be slowed down considerably reducing the chances of cardiovascular disease in the future (Edlin and Golanty 2009). Estimates show that a reduced diastolic blood pressure by 6mmHg can reduce the risk of having a stroke in the future by 35-40% and heart attacks by 20-25% (Warrell et al 2003). The higher the blood pressure, the higher the risk. However, there are several treatments and therapies to help reduce high blood pressure. Lifestyle changes including weight loss, increased physical activity, change of diet cutting down on alcohol intake, less smoking, low salt and caffeine consumption can all help (Kaplan et al 2002). If lifestyle changes are not effective, medication can help. 3. Medical Treatment of High Blood Pressure There are several classes of medicines used in the treatment of lowering blood pressure, and each class contains many different drugs. For the purpose of this essay l will use a couple of examples in each section, to give a picture of what is currently available on the market, which are in use, and the available research about them, class by class. It should be noted that all drug therapies normally have side effects. Calcium-channel blockers, for example can sometimes cause dizziness, swollen ankles, facial flushing and constipation (Ascheim and Ascheim 2009). 3.1 Calcium-Channel Blockers Calcium-Channel blockers include the drugs amlodipine and felodipine, which are also used in the treatment of angina (Hughes and Hughes 2001). They act through selective inhibitors of calcium influx through the cell membrane or on the release and binding of calcium in the cells (Frishman and Sica 2011). They are also referred to as inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation (Raffa 2004). They are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms as myocardial protective agents, and for the relaxation of uterine spasms (McKenzie and Porter 2011). Amlodipine and Valsartan is a drug of this class, a single–pill combination which is used in hypertension management in the US. Valsartan is an Angiotensin II receptor blocker (Alexander 2008). The combination pill is used in the management of patients with mild to moderate blood pressure over trials of 8-16 weeks. Results showed the combination therapy is more effective than the monotherapy of amlodipine and Valsartan solely (Sureshkumar 2008). This combination pill is more acceptable, and also works well for the many who will need more than one drug to help th em reach their target of lowering their blood pressure. 3.2 Diuretics Diuretics, or water tablets, work by promoting the excretion of salt and fluid through the urine. This brings about reduced circulation of fluid and a reduction in blood pressure. The blood vessels within the circulatory system relax, which has an effect on blood pressure. The most commonly used diuretic in the United Kingdom, for the treatment of high blood pressure are thiazides (Bullock et al 2007). You read "The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension" in category "Essay examples" Examples of this class are bendroflumethiazide and hydrochlorothiazide. A low dose of these is often prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure, with the proviso that blood and kidney tests are advisable before treatment is started, with follow up tests at 4-6 weeks to check potassium levels, then an annual blood test is normal (Rubin 2007). Diuretics have a number of side effects, including gout in a small number of users, and impotence in others (Souhami and Moxham 2002). These drugs are also often used in combination. Combining them with other drugs is often preferred, as it allows a more rapid and intensive control of high blood pressure, for example the combination of a diuretic and an Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and thiazides. Zofenpril, for example, is a strong ACE inhibitor and the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide given to patients with acute myocardial infarction over long term improves the risk of major cardiovascular disease (Khan 2005). The fixed combination of Zofenpril and Hydrochlorothiades (HCTZ), 30/12.5mg/ day has been approved for mild to moderate management in several Europeans countries (Borghi and Cicero 2006). 3.3 Beta Blockers Beta blockers come in various brands and types, typical examples being are propranolol and atenolol. They work by slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of the heart. They are also used are used to treat angina and some other conditions. They are not recommended for asthma sufferers, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Arcangelo and Peterson 2006). They do have some side effects, including cold feet and hands, poor sleep and tiredness. Propranolol is also used in the treatment of Haemangioma related high blood pressure. Haemangioma is , a vascular swelling forming a tumour- like mass which forms anywhere in the body (Stedman 2002), and has shown to be effective for this in a study of 39 children, where Propranolol therapy showed a reduction of haemangioma within 2 days to 2 weeks.. Propranolol therapy has been proved more effective for infantile head and neck haemangioma, provided it is given to the patient early, when it first appears (Stedman 2002), and more patients are now being treated with propranolol therapy rather than corticosteroid therapy, although the best dosage and age when to stop treatment is still under discussion. 3.3 Angio Tensin Receptor Blockers These are known as receptor antagonists drugs. The brands available include Candesartan and Eprosartan. All work by blocking the Angiotensin 11 on the walls of the blood vessel, and hence reduce the amount of this substance in the bloodstream. They are similar to the ACE inhibitors (Moini 2004). The chemical effect narrows the blood vessels forcing it to relax and widen which reducing the blood vessel in the process. The most popular of these are captopril and Cilazapril, however these are contra-indicated where the patient has underlying kidney problems. Captopril was first discovered in 1898, however it was only used for treating high blood pressure fairly recently. An ACE inhibitor is beneficial to patients with heart failure and diabetes (Johnson and Morgan 2000) 4. Conclusion While the mechanisms whereby high blood pressure is caused are not fully understood, it is associated with a number of hereditary conditions as well as lifestyle factors. If moderating consumption of salt, alcohol and other changes to lifestyle are ineffective in bringing down blood pressure, a variety of medical approaches are possible. The exact type of treatment suitable for individual patients depends on a number of factors including medical history, ethnic origin and age.The UK guidelines set out suitable treatments for various classes of patients. However it should be remembered that individuals vary a great deal in regards to blood pressure; occasionally treatment does not work and may have side effects too, in such cases switching to a different class of medication is recommended. Generally, high blood pressure treatment is for life, but some individuals may respond so well that treatment could stop after three or so years. 5. References Alexander, I (2008) PDR Nurse’s Drug Handbook, Physicians Desk Reference Inc, USA Ascheim, D and Ascheim, R (2009) Heart Health Your Questions Answered, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, UK Borghi, C and Cicero, A F G (2006) ‘Fixed combination of zofenopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in the management of hypertension: a review of available data’, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2:4, 341–349. Bricker, S L and Langlais, R P (1994) Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine, and Treatment Planning (2nd edn), PMPH-USA, USA Brubaker, P H, Kaminsky, L A and Whaley, M H (2002) Coronary artery disease: essentials of prevention and rehabilitation program, Human Kinetics, Illinois Bullock, S, Galbraith, A, Manias, E, Hunt, B and Richards, A (2007) Fundamentals of pharmacology: an applied approach for nursing and health (2nd edn.), Pearson Education, Harlow Essex Condon, M C (2010) Women’s health: body, mind, spirit : an integrated approach to wellness and illness, Prentice Hall, USA Edlin, G and Golanty, E (2009) Health and Wellness, Jones Bartlett Learning, USA Frishman, W H and Sica, D A (2011) Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics (3rd edn.), Cardiotext Publishing, USA Gotto, A M and Toth, P P (2006) Comprehensive management of high risk cardiovascular patients, CRC Press, NY Hughes, W and Hughes, J (2001) Clinical Pharmacy (2nd edn), Macmillan Education AU, Australia Johnson, M and Morgan, R (2000) Pharmacology for podiatrists, John Wiley Sons, USA Kaplan, N M, Lieberman, E and Neal, W (2002) Kaplan’s clinical hypertension (8th edn), Lippincott Williams Wilkins, USA Khan, M I G (2005) Encyclopedia of heart diseases, Academic Press, Burlington MA McKenzie, G (2011) Clinical Companion: Medical-Surgical Nursing (2nd edn.), Elsevier Australia, Australia Moini, J (2004) The pharmacy technician: a comprehensive approach, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA Patient.co.uk (2012) ‘High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)’, [online] (cited 11th March 2012) available from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/High-Blood-Pressure-%28Hypertension%29.htm Patient.co.uk (2012) ‘Medication for high blood pressure’, [online] (cited 10th March 2012) available from http://www.patients.co.uk/health/Medication -for-High-Blood-Pressure.htm Peterson, A M and Arcangelo, V P (2006) Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: a practical approach (2nd edn) , Lippincott Williams Wilkins, USA Raffa, R B (2004) Quick Look: Pharmacology, Hayes Barton Press, USA Rhoden, C A and Wiley, S (2010) Bringing Down High Blood Pressure, Government Institutes, USA Rubin, A L (2007) High Blood Pressure for Dummies (2nd edn.), John Wiley Sons, USA Sherwood, L (2012) Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (8th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA Souhami, R L and Moxham, J (2002) Textbook of medicine (4th edn.), Elsevier Health Sciences, UK, USA Sureshkumar, K K (2008) ‘Renin inhibition with aliskiren in hypertension: focus on aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy’ Vasc Health Risk Management, 4:6, 1205–1220 Warrell, D A, Cox, T M and Firth, J D (2003) Oxford textbook of medicine (4th edn), Oxford University Press, Oxon. Woods, B and Clare, L (2008) Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing (2nd edn.), John Wiley Sons, USA How to cite The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension, Essay examples